# Trino · compute · 2023

Revision 1 (11 October 2026) · Modeled snapshot · through 8 October 2026.

All figures are research-informed estimates of analytical activity. Significant errors may remain; decimal places do not imply measurement precision.

4% of the full compute layer.

[Trino](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/compute/trino.md): historical names and annual shares.

Includes independently operated Trino, Trino on Amazon EMR, Starburst Enterprise, and Starburst Galaxy. Athena is excluded from this share and has its own box, despite the shared engine lineage. PrestoDB is also counted separately.

Connections below describe the whole Trino engine. Access and storage mixes are estimated separately; they are not a joint interface-to-storage distribution.

## Access use within this engine

| Option | Share of engine activity | Share of full access layer |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [JDBC](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/access/jdbc.md) | 37.3% | 1.5% |
| [ODBC](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/access/odbc.md) | 18.9% | 0.8% |
| [Python DB-API (other drivers)](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/access/python.md) | 18.1% | 0.7% |
| [Trino vendor-specific interface](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/access/vendor-trino.md) | 13.8% | 0.6% |
| [Other language/portable APIs](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/access/other-api.md) | 11.9% | 0.5% |

## Storage use within this engine

| Option | Share of engine activity | Share of full storage layer |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Iceberg-authoritative tables](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/storage/iceberg.md) | 21% | 0.8% |
| [Standalone Parquet on object storage](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/storage/parquet-object.md) | 20% | 0.8% |
| [Federated relational native stores (vendor unallocated)](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/storage/remote-relational.md) | 20% | 0.8% |
| [Standalone ORC on HDFS](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/storage/orc-hdfs.md) | 11% | 0.4% |
| [Standalone Parquet on HDFS](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/storage/parquet-hdfs.md) | 10% | 0.4% |
| [Delta-authoritative tables](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/storage/delta.md) | 7% | 0.3% |
| [Hudi-authoritative tables](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/storage/hudi.md) | 3% | 0.1% |
| [Object-store CSV/text/Avro](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/storage/object-row.md) | 3% | 0.1% |
| [Standalone ORC on object storage](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/storage/orc-object.md) | 3% | 0.1% |
| [HDFS text/SequenceFile/RCFile/Avro](https://history.columnar.tech/technologies/storage/hdfs-row.md) | 2% | <0.1% |

[All percentages for 2023](https://history.columnar.tech/years/2023.md)

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